Data were derived using three levels of surgical planning, of increasing complexity, and for nine different operators with varying levels of surgical skill. The outcomes were compared with those expected to be achievable in a three-dimensional environment. Surgical accuracy was measured with the aid of an optical navigation system that recorded the coordinates of three reference points (located in anterior, posterior right, and posterior left positions) on the repositioned maxilla. In vitro testing was conducted on a physical replica of a human skull, and the augmented reality system was used to perform LeFort1 maxillary repositioning. We implemented a method allowing performance of waferless, augmented-reality assisted bone repositioning. The system is designed to exhibit virtual planning overlaying the details of a real patient. LeFort1 osteotomy was chosen as the test procedure. We implement a strategy designed to present augmented reality information to the operating surgeon. Our head-mounted wearable system facilitating augmented surgery was developed as a stand-alone, video-based, see-through device in which the visual features were adapted to facilitate maxillofacial bone surgery.
We present a newly designed, localiser-free, head-mounted system featuring augmented reality as an aid to maxillofacial bone surgery, and assess the potential utility of the device by conducting a feasibility study and validation.
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